Interleukin-12 inducer and medical composition

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical composition comprising activated hemicellulose (AHCC), a method for inducing IL-12 in a living body having tumor cells by administering the composition, and a method for treating cancer by administering the composition are provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a substance that can induceinterleukin-12 in vivo, and to a medical composition containing thesame.

2. Description of the Related Art

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) was originally found as one of cytokinins thatcan activate NK cells. Subsequent studies revealed that it also promotedgrowth of and activated T cells that had cytotoxicity specific to tumorcells (Killer T cells), and further it promoted the production ofinterferon γ (IFN γ) that stimulated activation of killer T cells. ThusIL-12 has attracted attention as a substance effective in treating humancancer patients.

Recently, large-scale production of IL-12 by using a gene manipulationtechnique was realized in the U.S. (Recombinant IL-12 (rt-IL-12)).Following that, in order to directly deliver IL-12 to cancer cells, amethod for directly introducing the IL-12 producing gene into tumorcells, by using gene introduction techniques, has been investigated.

However, sensitivity of rt-IL-12 used in the method is low andadministration of a large-amount is needed, for example, to treat humancancer. Such large-amount dosage causes various side effects includingfever and inappetence. Besides these serious side effects, severalproblems regarding this method are pointed out, that is, the genemanipulation procedure is so complicated that it is labor intensive andlacks economical feasibility.

For using IL-12 to prevent tumor growth or cause regression, there aretwo methods; one is to externally administrate IL-12, and the other isto induce in vivo production of IL-12. Such induced IL-12 does not raiseabnormal immune response, thereby resolving intrinsic problems ofrt-IL-12. At the same time, such IL-12 is highly effective, thusextensive tumor loss regression effect can be expected. However, beforethe instant invention an effective substance that could induce IL-12 ofits own in vivo had not been found.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the presentinvention to provide a method for inducing IL-12 in vivo in a tumorbearing patient and a substance having such an induction effect, andfurther to provide a medical composition obtained by utilizing the same.

According to the present invention, there is provided an interleukin-12inducer containing activated hemicellulose (AHCC) and a medicalcomposition containing the same.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Hereunder, the detailed description is made of the present invention.

Activated HemiCellulose Compound (AHCC) of the present invention is aknown compound as a biologically active substance which is obtained byenzyme treatment of plant fiber existing in the cell wall of fungalmycelia. Preferable AHCCs for use in the present invention are selectedfrom (1) β-D-glucan, (2) α-D-glucan, and (3) a mixture of β-D-glucan andα-D-glucan. AHCC contains in addition to heteroglucan such asβ-(1-3)D-glucan, β-(1-6)D-glucan and α-(1-4)D-glucan; peptidoglycan,proteoglucan, lectin, nucleic acid and indigestive polysaccharide. DojinNews, No. 34, pages 2-4 (1985); the entire content of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

However, it had not been previously known that AHCC could induce IL-12,until the fact was newly found by the present inventor.

The IL-12 inducer of the present invention may consist only of the abovedescribed AHCC, but preferably further contains components of fungalmycelium (Eubasido-mycetes). Examples of such components of mushroom'smycelium include PSK that is a component of a polypore's mycelium(Polyporacede) and used as a known anti-cancer agent, SPG that is acomponent of Schizophyllum commune mycelium's mycelium, and lentinanthat is a component of a shiitake's mycelium (Lentinula edodes), but arenot limited thereto.

Further, such components of fungal mycelium include, for example, thatof agaricus, Ganoderma lucidum, ningyotake, kawariharatake, niousimeji,kabenoanatake, Griforia frondosa, Hericium erinaceum, an oyster fungal(Pleurotus ostreatus), mannnenntake (Ganoderma lucidum), Panellusserotinus, kobutake, Lenzites betulina, a matsu-take (Tricholomamatsutake), bekkoutake, nametake and Frammulina velutipes.

The IL-12 inducer of the present invention may be composed of only abovedescribed AHCC and components of fungal mycelium, but preferablycontains bacterial components of hemolytic streptococci in addition tothe above. Examples of such bacterial components of hemolyticstreptococci include, OK-432 that is a known anti-cancer agent, but arenot limited thereto.

These are known substances as biological response modifiers (BRMs).

It has been revealed that in progressed cancer or end-stage cancer,tumor regression or disappearance could not be obtained by establishedconventional treatments of modern medicine such as surgery,administration of an anti-cancer agent, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy.On the other hand, the IL-12 inducer of the present invention iseffective for tumor regression and disappearance in progressed orend-stage cancer. Effectiveness can be determined by, for example, assayof body fluid or parts, NMR, surgery or palpitation. This fact was newlydiscovered by the present inventor. This is the first unique effect ofthe present invention.

No side effects were found in the administration of the IL-12 inducer ofthe present invention. Rt-IL-12 produced by the conventional genemanipulation method has low sensitivity and therefore requiresadministration in a large volume, which often induces various sideeffects and exerts upon patients serious damage. On the other hand, thereason why there is no concern for side effects, is because the IL-12inducer of the present invention can activate the IL-12 productionability naturally existing in a living body as its basic actionmechanisms, it is not necessary to externally administer a substancecausing side effects.

This fact is newly found by the present inventor and is the secondunique effect of the present invention.

The medical composition of the present invention contains the abovedescribed IL-12 inducer as the main component. The medical compositionof the present invention can be used, for example, as an anti-canceragent but not limited thereto.

The formulation of the medical composition of the present invention tobe administered to a human or animal is not specifically limited. Themedical composition of the present invention may be, for example,retained on carriers and suitably prepared into various formulationscommonly used in medicine.

As such carriers, at least one selected from solid, semi-solid or liquiddiluent, filler and other support for formulation may be used at a ratioof for example, 0.1% to 99.5%, preferably 0.5% to 90%. The medicalcomposition of the present invention may be safely administeredperorally or parenterally. The route of parenteral administrationincludes local administration such as intratissue administration,subcutaneous administration, intramuscular administration, intraarterial/intravenous administration and per rectum administration.Formulations suitable for the above administration routes may beprepared using known practical means.

For example, when used as an anti-cancer agent, the dosage is preferablydetermined according to age, body weight, administration route used,type of disease and severity. In the case of administration for humanpatients, it is, for example, generally administered perorally at adosage of 100 to 20,000 mg/day as the active compound, preferably 1,000to 10,000 mg/day as the active compound. For parenteral administration,the dosage largely differs according to the administration route, but ingeneral, 100 to 1,000 mg/day, preferably 200 to 500 mg/day may be used.According to each case, a lower dosage may be enough, or a larger dosagemay be required. Dosage can be divided into two to four doses per day.Depending on the patient and specific constituents of the anticancerformulation, the effective dose range may vary. Tumor stasis orregression or other clinical indicators can be used to determine anappropriate dose.

For peroral administration, solid or liquid formulation may be used suchas pulvis, powder, granule, tablet, capsule, syrup, elixir andsuspension.

Pulvis is prepared by pulverizing the active substance to suitablefineness. Powder is prepared by pulverizing the active substance tosuitable fineness, and then mixing it with medical carrier prepared tothe same fineness, for example, dietary carbohydrate such as starch andmannitol, and other vehicles. If necessary, a corrective, preservatives,dispersing agent, tinction, aromatic and others may be added therein.

Capsule is prepared by filling the above described pulverized pulvis,powder or granulated tablets into an outer capsule, for example, agelatin capsule. Before filling, lubricant or drifting agent, forexample, colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearateand solid polyethylene glycol may be arbitrarily mixed therein. Efficacyof medicine in capsule formulation after intake is improved by addingtherein a disintegrator or solubilizing agent such as carboxymethylcellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, low-substitutedhydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium crosskarumelose, sodium carboxystarch,calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate.

Soft capsule may be prepared by suspending fine powders of the presentproduct in plant oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, and a surfactantand encapsulate them within gelatin sheet.

Granules may be prepared by mixing the pulverized active substance andabove described vehicle, a disintegrator and, if necessary, binder (forexample, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyvinylalchol, and the like), humectant (for example, syrup, starch,gum arabic, cellulose solution, macromolecule solution, and the like),kneading them, and letting them pass through a sieve. Alternative togranulate powders, granule may be obtained by pulverizing slug ofinsufficient shapes which had raised at tableting. Dissolution delayingagent (for example, paraffin, wax, hardened castor oil, and the like), areabsorption agent (for example, quaternary salts or the like) oradsorbent (for example, bentonite, Kaolin, dicalcium phosphate, and thelike) may be mixed therewith in advance.

Tablets may be prepared by adding lubricant including stearic acid,stearate, talc, mineral oil, and the like to thus obtained granules andthen tableting. Thus obtained intact tablets may be covered with filmcoating or sugar coating.

The mixing process of the active substance of the present invention andfluid inactive carrier may be immediately followed by the tabletingprocess without above described granulation process or slug process.Coatings that can be used include transparent or semi-transparentprotect coating of closed coating of shellac, coating of sugar ormacromolecules and finish coating consisting of wax.

Other peroral formulation, including syrup, elixir and suspension can beprepared in dosage per unit so that a predetermined amount of themedical substance is contained in a predetermined amount of eachformulation. Syrup may be prepared by dissolving the active agent in asuitable flavored water solution. Elixir may be prepared by usingnon-toxic alcoholic carrier. Suspension may be prepared by dispersingthe active substance in non-toxic carriers. A suspending agent oremulsifier (for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols andpolyoxyethylene sorbitol esters), preservative, corrective (for example,peppermint oil and saccharin) and other agents may be arbitrarily addedthereto.

If necessary, the dosage unit for peroral administration may becontained in microcapsules. In this method, the active substance iscoated or buried in macromoleculars or wax, thereby prolonging actiontime or delaying the release.

Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-arterial and intravenousadministration can be given by using liquid dosage unit formulation, forexample injection consisting of solution or suspension. Theseformulation is prepared by dissolving or suspending a predeterminedamount of the active substance in non-toxic liquid carrier suitable forobjective injection route including aqueous or oleaginous solvent andthen sterilizing the solution or suspension. Alternatively, apredetermined amount of the powder or freeze-dried active substance maybe placed in a vial and the vial and contents thereof may be sterilizedand sealed. In this case, the active substance is to be dissolved ormixed immediately before the administration, and spare vials or carrierscan be reserved. Non-toxic salts or salt solution to prepare an isotonicinjection may be added and further a stabilizer, preservative,suspending agent emulsifier and others may be combinedly used.

The formulation for per rectal administration may be prepared by mixingthe active substance with hydrophobic or hydrophilic suppository baseincluding, for example, polyethylene glycol, cacao butter, higher esters(for example, myristyl ester of palmitic acid) and mixture thereof.

AHCC, components of fungal mycelium, and bacterial components ofhemolytic streptococci of the present invention have the effect ofinducing IL-12. Accordingly, a method of inducing IL-12 in vivo byadministering these substances is within the scope of the presentinvention.

Further, AHCC, components of fungal mycelium, and bacterial componentsof hemolytic streptococci of the present invention have the effect toinduce IL-12. Accordingly, a method to cure cancer by administering themin single or multiple administration at a dose that can induce IL-12 iswithin the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

The present invention may be better illustrated with reference to thefollowing examples. However, the present invention is not limitedthereto.

Example 1

Example of Single Administration of AHCC

A human patient suffering from esophagus cancer (72-year-old, male)showing infiltration at cervical lymph nodes and intraperitoneal lymphnodes, no indication for surgery, unresponsive to radiotherapy, unableto perform oral intake of other than water.

To this patient, AHCC was continuously administered at a dosage of 3.0g/day. One month after the start of the administration, the patientbecame able to eat 30% gruel or 50% gruel. The level of serum SCC tumormarker was 23 ng/mL before the administration (normal level: 2.0 ng/mL),but improved to 1.3 ng/mL one month after. By further continuing theadministration, he became able to eat 100% gruel three months after theadministration commencement, when the tumor was confirmed to havecompletely disappeared by fluoroscopic and CT examinations of esophagus.

After a three-month administration of AHCC, serum NK activity was ashigh as 68% (normal value: lower than 40%), and serum IL-12 level wasalso as high as 78 pg/mL (normal value: lower than 7.2 pg/mL). Theseresult are listed in Table 1.

In Table 1, CD4 represents helper T cells, and CD8 represents killer Tcells. The CD4/CD8 ratio represents degree of increase in killer Tcells, and a value less than 1 represents increase in killer T cells.The range of normal values is 1.0 to 1.5. The CD4/CD8 ratio in Example 1was 0.75, showing that cytotoxic killer T cells was increased.

Example 2

Example of Single Administration of AHCC

In a human patient suffering from orchioncus (36-year-old, male),primary cancer in the right testis was excised. After the surgery,metastasis of an infant's head size to a peritoneal lymph node occurred.AHCC at a dosage of 3.0 g/day was continuously administered orally tothis patient. After one month, the size of tumor decreased approximatelyby half, and after three months, the tumor completely disappeared.

After three months administration, NK activity was low at 13%, but IL-12level was extremely high at 120 pg/mL. It was suggested that theanti-tumor effect of AHCC was not through NK activity. These resultswere listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NK Serum CD4/ Human Act- IL-12 Treatment CD8 patient Symptomsivity level evaluation ratio Exam- 72-year- esophagus 68% 78 CR; 0.75ple 1 old; cancer; surgery pg/mL complete male impossible; regressionradiotherapy unresponsible; end-stage cancer Exam- 36-year- right testis13% 120 CR 0.52 ple 2 old; tumor; infant's pg/mL complete male head sizeregression metastasis to retroperitoneal lymph node; end-stage cancer

Examples 3 to 6

Examples of Combined Administration of AHCC with Shark Cartilage

To the human cancer patients listed in Table 2, AHCC at a dosage of 3.0g/day and concomitantly shark cartilage (β shark) at 20 g/day werecontinuously administered orally. After three months administration,treatment evaluation and NK Activity, IL-12 level and CD4/CD8 ratio wereevaluated. According to Examples 3 and 6, tumor regression of 50% ormore was obtained in either case. However, the NK activity in eitherexample was within the normal range, indicating that the NK activity wasnot elevated. In either of Examples 3 to 6, the IL-12 level was highsignificantly exceeding the normal range. It was suggested that IL-12was involved in tumor regression. Further, from the results of previousimmunological investigations, it has been shown that concomitant use ofshark cartilage had no effect on the NK activity and did not elevate theIL-12 level.

TABLE 2 Serum CD4/ Human NK IL-12 Treatment CD8 patient Symptomsactivity level evaluation ratio Exam- 72- stomach 24% 240 CR 0.34 ple 3year- cancer; ng/mL complete old; progressed regression male stage Exam-57- caecum 62% 230 CR 0.42 ple 4 year- cancer; pg/mL complete old;carcinomatous regression male peritonitis; end-stage cancer Exam- 69-stomach 62% 103 CR 0.62 ple 5 year- cancer; pg/mL complete old;metastasis to regression male liver; end-stage cancer Exam- 71- hepatic68% 78 PR; ple 6 year- cancer; pg/mL metastasis old; metastasis todisappear female lung; end-stage cancer

Examples 7 and 8

Examples of Combined Administration of AHCC, PSK and Shark Cartilage

To the human cancer patients listed in Table 3, first, continuous oraladministration of AHCC at a dosage of 3.0 to 6.0 g/day combined withshark cartilage at a dosage of 20 g/day. Until three months, tumorregression was not found and the IL-12 level was not elevated.

Then, to the human cancer patients listed in Table 3, in addition to thecontinuous oral administration of AHCC at a dosage of 3.0 to 6.0 g/daycombined with shark cartilage at a dosage of 20 g/day, PSK (Sankyo Co.Ltd., Krestin) at 3.0 g/day was further combinedly administered. Afteraddition of PSK administration, the IL-12 level was elevated and at thesame time, partial regression (PR) effect of 50% or higher for tumor wasobtained.

It was shown that concomitant use of shark cartilage had no effect onthe NK activity and did not elevate the IL-12 level. Further, sincesingle administration of PSK at 3.0 g/day had not shown a regressioneffect for lung tumor, the observed regression effect was thought to beachieved by the concomitant use of AHCC and PSK. It was suggested thatPSK also promoted the IL-12 production.

TABLE 3 Serum CD4/ Human NK IL-12 Treatment CD8 patient Symptomsactivity level evaluation ratio Exam- 67- left lung 32% 240 PR; 0.43 ple7 year- cancer; pg/mL right lung old; metastasis to metastasis maleright lung; disappear liver; end-stage cancer Exam- 73- right lung 29%340 PR; 0.43 ple 8 year- cancer; pg/mL lung old; metastasis tometastasis female left lung; disappear metastasis to liver; end-stagecancer

Comparative Examples 1 and 2

Examples of Concomitant Use of OK-432, PSK and SPG (or Lentinan)

As shown in Table 4, the effect of multiple immunotherapy was tested inComparative example 1, by subcutaneous administration of OK-432 (ChugaiPharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Picibanil) at a dosage of 5 KE/W, oraladministration of PSK (Sankyo Co. Ltd., Krestin) at 3.0 g/day andfurther intramuscular injection of SPG (Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.,Sonifilan) at vial/W. In Comparative Example 2, the effect of multipleimmunotherapy was also tested in the same manner as in ComparativeExample 1, except that in stead of SPG, Lentinan (YamanouchiPharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lentinan) was intravenously injected at 400mg/w.

In either example, dramatic tumor regression was achieved. Further, theIL-12 level was high in either example. It was suggested that theanti-cancer effect obtained by the multiple immunotherapy may be due tothe increased production of IL-12.

TABLE 4 Serum CD4/ Human NK IL-12 Treatment CD8 patient Symptomsactivity level evaluation ratio Com- 23- stomach 32% 240 CR 0.72parative year- cancer; pg/mL complete exam- old; carcinomatousregression ple 1 male peritonitis; end-stage cancer Com- 72- hepatic 40%260 PR 3/4 0.32 parative year- cancer; pg/mL of exam- old; carcinomatoushepatic ple 2 male peritonitis; cancer end-stage disappear- cancer ance

For patients with progressed cancer or end-stage cancer, example inwhich tumor regression or disappearance was achieved by administeringBRM preparation to induce the IL-12 production has not been previouslyreported. This was newly found by the present inventor. It was clarifiedthat the observed effect was not only mediated by the NK activity butalso by the induction of IL-12 and an increase of killer T cells. It wasalso found that when anti-cancer effect is to be enforced by inductionof IL-12, concomitant administration of shark cartilage that inhibitsneovascularization was also effective.

Furthermore, it was found that additional PSK administration waseffective to promote anti-cancer effect of AHCC. This promotion effectwas especially remarkable in lung cancer, hepatic cancer, stomachcancer, large intestine cancer, pancreatic carcinoma and kidney cancer.

It was found that IL-12 could be induced by concomitant administrationof BRM preparations other than IL-12 or by concomitant administration ofthree drugs of OK-432, PSK and SPG (or Lentinan).

At present circumstances, even by making the most use of treatments inthe modern medicine, including surgery, administration of anti-canceragent, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy, few effect can be expected inthe treatment of progressed cancer or end-stage cancer. Administrationof an IL-12 inducer of the present invention or a medical compositioncontaining the same as the major component is highly effective in thepractical use, showing high efficacy in the treatment of the progressedcancer or end-stage cancer or in the improvement of QOL.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising AHCC asan active ingredient in an amount effective to induce interleukin-12 incombination with at least one of shark cartilage and components ofhemolytic streptococci, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 2.The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1, which furthercontains in addition to the AHCC, components of fungal mycelium otherthan AHCC.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1,which contains components of hemolytic streptococci.
 4. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising sharkcartilage.